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Saturday, 18 July 2015

Finding: Synaptic



http://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/

Screen shots look good.

Link https://packages.debian.org/unstable/admin/synaptic.html  ]
returns:  "No such package"

Zorin Forum says Synaptic is pre-installed on Zorin OS.

Ubuntu says:

Synaptic is a graphical front-end to apt, the package management system in Ubuntu. It combines ... simplicity of the graphical user interface with the power of the apt-get command line tool.
Graphics sounds good.  Gimme, gimme, gimme.

Where is it?

Did not like my improvised:  synaptic -version

** (synaptic:31182): WARNING **: Can't load fallback CSS resource: Failed to import: The resource at '/org/gnome/adwaita/gtk-fallback.css' does not exist

** (synaptic:31182): WARNING **: Can't load fallback CSS resource: Failed to import: The resource at '/org/gnome/adwaita/gtk-fallback.css' does not exist


Guessing it's not loaded on this OS?

Checked the Zorin Software Manager:

Synaptic Package Manager is there.  Do I wish to remove?

Nope.  But I tick options I might need on a guess basis & wait for auto-update.

OMG!!!!  I found it:

>Zorin Menu
>System Tools
>Admin
>Synaptic Package Manager 

OMG!  This is so much easier.

Marked up x4 messaging plug-ins for installation.  Told it to update & it did!

Adobe Flash plug-in isn't ticked, so I guess it's not installed.
Couple of other things are ticked, under the Adobe tag, but I don't know that this has anything to do with Flash - so I think I should be good.

Java was a big more complicated.  Masses of Java.  Not sure what deal is.

eg.  'JavaScript Library for Dynamic Web Applications'

Helps if you know what this is.  Likewise with engine libraries and object something wrappers.  Can I live without the 'syntax highlighting widget'?

Tempted to get rid of the lot, but then I'll find myself having to install the OS all over again.

Back to not knowing what I'm doing.  LOL









Package Tracker - Flash, Java, Gdebi, Synaptic

Finding the search for info on the internet somewhat frustrating. 

Too much information, for my quick-fix aims.

Losing track of what I'm doing.  Seriously.  

Reading some forum, blog or article or other, I'll run a command, install or remove a program ... and then find myself wondering what it was that I did, whether it was enough and so on.

FLASH

Take Adobe Flash Player:  I removed with a sudo command, but haven't checked to make sure it is indeed gone.

Somewhat confused about dependencies. Not sure if they're separate programs that rely on a given program, or whether dependencies are off-shoots of primary/key programs.  But I am rather lazy and haven't really done much in the way of reading.

Anyway, I'm sort of stuck wondering if Flash is gone and how to verify that.

Then there's the question of installing/enabling alternatives to Flash.  

Do you or don't you?  Browser appears to have what I assume are inbuilt alternatives.  But there's also the alternatives mentioned in an earlier post, that might be worthwhile considering.

JAVA


Seeing Java's full of holes, I figure it's not worth having.

So I go ahead and remove - or I think I remove.  But I'm not sure it's gone.

When I run:  java -version command, terminal throws up:

the program 'java' can be found in the following packages:
 * default-jre
 * gcj-4.8-jre-headless
 * openjdk-7-jre-headless
 * gcj-4.6-jre-headless
 * openjdk-6-jre-headless

Try: sudo apt-get install <selected package>

So I'm going to guess that Java's not gone & I have to figure how to remove, entirely.

JUNK DOWNLOADS

Fiddling around, I downloaded some crap I somehow don't think I really want.  Can't even remember what it was now.  Some Red Hat thing, I think it was.  So that's another mess I have to sort out - maybe.  Otherwise, I can just ignore it, and tackle removal when I know what I'm doing ... and find out what it was (ummm, because I didn't take notes & can't remember / although I think there's  a command to list programs somewhere):
 sudo dpkg -list
RUN RESULT
Type dpkg --help for help about installing and deinstalling packages [*];
Use 'apt' or 'aptitude' for user-friendly package management;
Type dpkg -Dhelp for a list of dpkg debug flag values;
Type dpkg --force-help for a list of forcing options;
Type dpkg-deb --help for help about manipulating *.deb files;

Options marked [*] produce a lot of output - pipe it through 'less' or 'more' !

GENERAL COMMANDS

Then I thought I'd check out the Zorin forum, generally before moving onto specifics:


Any 3rd party packages that you might want to install should end with ".deb" or "all.deb" and should downloaded from a known and verified source/location
 
[ie download from safe download site]
Select correct package for 32-bit or 64-bit.

http://pkgs.org/

For installing single packages, install the app "Gdebi"

sudo apt-get install gdebi

The link meant nothing to me.  Don't know what I'm looking at at the link.

But I think, hey, I can do with a single-package install thingy.  So I load gdebi. 

Back to the forum:

Do not try and use "rpm" packages if you possibly can as they are designed for another type of packaging system (Redhat Package Manager)

To convert RPM packages to DEB packages, use "Alien":

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RPM/AlienHowto

Hmmm ... don't think I'll be tackling Alien any time soon.

But this did grab my attention & Synaptic looks like a good plan:


sudo apt-get remove [specify program]
The above will only remove the main body of the app but not its dependencies in case there are other packages relying on those dependencies!!.

This can also be done via Synaptic by opening Synaptic and typing the name of the app in search and right click it and mark it for complete removal!.

Hey, this is where Java removal went wrong (I think)!

So now I can either mess around downloading Synaptic ... or I can try to find instructions for manual commands to remove dependencies (I think).

I'm sure this is heaps easier once you know what you're doing.  But it's a little weird at first.


------------------


SOURCE - Orange Highlighted Text
source:  http://zoringroup.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=1778



Wednesday, 15 July 2015

Ditching Adobe Flash Player?

Alternatives To Adobe Flash Player

http://www.transitionblog.com/4-most-amazing-alternatives-to-adobe-flash-player/ 

Adobe Flash Player
= developed by Macromedia
= software for viewing multimedia
= used in almost all games
= used in Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) & animations, with java applets
SUMMARY
 
ALTERNATIVES TO ADOBE FLASH PLAYER

LightSpark
= C language developed
= open source flash player & browser plugin 

= supported all new Flash Player formats
= only runs on Linux OS


Unity Web Player
= Windows and Mac OS X
= can replace Adobe Flash Player easily.
= can use for developing 3D games with animated characters & graphics

GNU Gnash
= free
= Windows, Linux, BSD etc
= can support attributes of SWF v7, SWF v8 & SWF v9

Silverlight
= based on .NET framework
= compatible with almost every web browser, mobile devices & various OS
= can use to develop & create responsive web & mob applications

---------------------
COMMENT

Sick of not being above to view videos, so I checked out alternatives to Flash Player.

Not sure whether I should mess around trying to install, or let it be.




Adobe Flash Player - Full of Holes: Zero-Day Exploits x3 - Leaked from Hacking Team Cache

Third Adobe Flash zero-day exploit (CVE-2015-5123) leaked from Hacking Team cache

Exploits continue to leak from the Hacking Team breach, as the latest unpatched Adobe Flash Player bug comes from the stolen cache.

*latest vulnerability (CVE-2015-5123) / patch to follow
*related vulnerability (CVE-2015-5122)
= bugs affect newest versions of Adobe Flash Player (18.0.0.203) running on Windows & Mac OS X computers 
= also affect:  Adobe Flash Player (18.0.0.204) on Linux-based computers running Google Chrome web browser
* likely risk of vulnerability use in cyberattacks next few days / disable adobe flash player
MORE 
(CVE-2015-5122)
**vulnerability can be successfully exploited with the leaked proof-of-concept (PoC) code on the most recent version of Adobe Flash Player (18.0.0.203) in Internet Explorer. A successful exploitation could cause a crash and potentially allow an attacker to compromise the affected computer.  [*
**may be possible that this vulnerability has previously been exploited in the wild in limited attacks, because the details of the vulnerability are now publicly available, attackers will likely incorporate the exploit into the exploit kits in the coming days. [*
---------------------
 COMMENT
Modzilla Firefox automatically disables the Adobe Flash, which is lucky, as it wouldn't have occurred to me to manually do that for protection.

What I don't understand is how it all works.
It looks like hackers have tools (exploit kits) and whenever something new becomes public, it must become the tool to use until the patch comes in.

Having trouble finding out what 'proof of concept code' is, but I think it is just code that shows a how to break into systems given a specific vulnerability.

In the case of Microsoft, a number of security companies get advance warnings of exploits, by way of advance patch notifications.  Notification is issued ahead of release to give security companies time to "prioritize and test the fixes before installing them." [***]
In 2012, it was one of these security companies that leaked "proof-of-concept" code. [***]
Here's the coolest bit:  
Once the patches come out, hackers can reverse-engineer them to figure out what problems they solve, then produce tools to break into unpatched systems. [***]  
So the most vulnerable time would be just after the patches come out, if people haven't installed patches.

Looks like individuals who find flaws:
*submitted findings & proof-of-concept to a security group 
*security group tests & vets the research
*security group then submits the proof of concept / findings to the software developer.
*software developer makes a patch
*hackers reverse engineer patch

That satisfies my curiosity to a degree, but I'm still curious how it actually works.



Tuesday, 14 July 2015

GIF - CAT





'Puter Cat gif needs more work.

And cat needs to move around rather than just objects.

But I'm sort of over it for now.



Blogger Template Teak - Horizontal Rule

Borrowed from here:

http://webdesignexperiments.blogspot.com/2012/05/how-to-add-horizontal-line-rule-to.html


Added this:

LINE 1449

<hr align="center" color="silver" size="4" width="50%"></hr>

LINE 1508

<hr align="center" color="green" size="4" width="100%"></hr>

RESULT



It's given me a silver marker at the end of posts, as well as a green one between posts.


---------------------
COMMENT

Did this by trial & error method, as I don't read code well.

Recommend saving a copy of the template beforehand, as it's easy to accidentally overwrite code.

Didn't do it this time because it seemed such a small job.  Should have.  There was a moment of concern.

Another reason I love Blogger.  Can't do this type of edit in free version of Wordpress, I believe.



Sunday, 12 July 2015

LINUX - Debian - Software Installation - Overview

Identity / Permissions


SuperUser

  • Users have permission to view, edit, & execute  (files, folders or programs)
  • 'SuperUser' = Unix term, synonymous with: root  {no restrictions}
  • never log on as root account, unless you have to {potential disaster}
  • log on as root = loss of all default security protections that Linux provides
ALTERNATIVE to root = SuperUser Command
[user]$ sudo ls 
Password:***** 

Hash (#) rather than dollar ($) sign
indicative of SuperUser mode at command prompt

If problem with above, see section 'configuring sudo' & try:
[user]$ suPassword:*****
[root]#


some programs usually run as root
=  may appear to be missing

reason:  list of places Linux looks for executables (PATH environment variable), does not contain /sbin or /usr/sbin

Solution:  keying in full path for commands
eg.  for command like shutdown
Alternative:   /sbin/shutdown

EXIT SuperUser Mode

[root]# exit
[user]$
---------------------


LINUX
= several kinds of packages
= each distribution has its own preferred package format

STANDARD LINUX PACKAGES
= standard package format:  RPM (as per Linux Standard Base)
= RPM (Red Hat developed - used: Fedora, Mandriva, Red Hat, SUSE)
= RPM package file name eg:  program-version-other.rpm

DEBIAN PACKAGES - APT (Advanced Packaging Tool)
= first to intro:  automatic dependency resolution & signed packages
= used by Debian GNU/Linux & distributions based on it, eg. Ubuntu, Knoppix, & Mepis.
= Debian package file name eg: program-version-other.deb

*need to become SuperUser to install software

DEBIAN COMMANDS
Protocol:
1) Sign in as SuperUser
2) install
3) update package database
4) upgrade all packages that have patches or security updates to install

5) Exit SuperUser mode

ENTER SuperUser Mode
[user]$ sudo ls 
Password:***** 
 
1. INSTALL
apt-get install ${packagename}

2. UPDATE
apt-get update

3. UPGRADE - GLOBAL
apt-get update; apt-get upgrade
 
EXIT SuperUser Mode
[root]# exit
[user]$

4. REMOVE
apt-get remove ${packagename}

---------------------

SOURCE
http://www.control-escape.com/linux/lx-swinstall.htm 


ImageMagick - Download & Install

IMAGEMAGICK

"software suite to create, edit, compose, or convert bitmap images"

download

www.imagemagick.org/download/ImageMagick.tar.gz

Unpack

tar xvzf ImageMagick.tar.gz

configure

 cd ImageMagick-6.9.1
 ./configure
 make



If ImageMagick configured & compiled without probs, ready to install it on system.

Install

sudo make install

configure the dynamic linker run-time bindings

sudo ldconfig /usr/local/lib

verify the ImageMagick install worked properly.

/usr/local/bin/convert logo: logo.gif

For a more comprehensive test, run the ImageMagick validation suite.
Ghostscript is a prerequisite, otherwise the EPS, PS, and PDF tests will fail.


make check

---------------------
SOURCE

DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS
http://www.imagemagick.org/script/install-source.php

FEATURES
http://imagemagick.org/script/index.php


---------------------
COMMENT

So whatever happened to the three-step Linux install method?

Confused that this is yet another installation method.

Uncertain re proceeding, as I want software linked to the software repository for automatic software updates.

Downloaded the what I guess is the compressed file & it's sitting in a folder on my desktop but that's not what I had in mind.

Might set this aside & think about what I want to do tomorrow. 

It's embarrassing how things seem to make sense while doing notes, and then when you go apply what you think you've understood, it all kind of falls apart and makes no sense at all.

Problem:  to edit the source.list

in order to do things the 'repository way', I need to know what to input into the source.list file & I have no idea.

As I'm already over this and just want to go to sleep, I'd hate to think what the program is going to be like. 

Maybe going through all this is going to be a huge waste of time.




LINUX - Installing Software / Installing Programs

Linux - Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)

Permissions:  prefix = sudo  / if anything doesn't run, put 'sudo' in front 

Summary from:

http://www.howtogeek.com/63997/how-to-install-programs-in-ubuntu-in-the-command-line/

Three-Step Process

1) Add (append / Edit) Repositories

Manually:
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
Otherwise:
sudo add-apt-repository [repository name here]
eg  -    
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa

2) Update Sources

sudo apt-get update

3) Install

sudo apt-get install [package name 1] [package name 2] [package name n]


Other / Maintenance

Remove Packages

sudo apt-get remove [package name 1] [package name 2] [package name n]

or

remove configuration files & associated directories (purging upon removal results in a subsequent “clean” install):

sudo apt-get remove –purge [package name 1] [package name 2] [package name n]
or

reserve command for removal & associated ones:

sudo apt-get autoremove

Upgrade Software

*update before upgrade

Global command upgrade:

sudo apt-get upgrade


If dependencies error / missing, following to upgrade:

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade [package name 1] [package name 2] [package name n]

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Simulate upgrade command to see list of packages to be upgraded (useful to see which programs would be interfered with by package upgrade):

sudo apt-get –s upgrade

 

Clean Cache

delete cache, but save newest version of packages in cache (I prefer this):

sudo apt-get autoclean

delete cache completely

sudo apt-get clean

 

Search Packages 

apt-cache search [search term 1] [search term 2] … [search term n]

eg    apt-cache search time zone python

 

Check Packages Installed

LIST installed packages

    sudo dpkg –list

SCROLL list installed packages

    sudo dpkg –list | less


SEARCH list - grep command

    dpkg –list | grep [search term]

---------------------

SOURCE

Above summary from:
http://www.howtogeek.com/63997/how-to-install-programs-in-ubuntu-in-the-command-line/

*Not entirely clear on the upgrade of software instructions




Thursday, 9 July 2015

Bypass Content Copy Protection Script - ie Bypass 'copy-blocking' on websites

Copy Text 
Content Copy-Protect Websites



Modzilla Browser


0.  ULTIMATE METHOD

Browser pull-down menu:

>View
>Page Style
>No Page Style
 

>Tools
>Web Developer
>Debugger  
>Tool Box Options  {round cog - right side}
>Advanced Settings
>Disable JavaScript
>Highlight & right-click COPY text, as per normal web page
 

Other Methods Tested before hitting on the best:


1.  Indirect Method - Select Text

Browser pull-down menu:

>View
>Page Style
>No Page Style
>Highlight
>Edit
>Copy
>Paste
to text doc. 

2.  Hard Way - Find Text Among Code

Browser pull-down menu:
>Tools
>Web Developer
>Page Source
>find text
>Copy
{Edit, Copy - if right-click disabled}
>Paste to text doc.

3.  Harder Way - PDF

>File
>SaveAs - HTML file
>Locate saved HTML
>Right-Click
>Open with LibreOfficeWriter
>Export to PDF


COMMENT

Option 0. Best
Option 1. So-so
Option 2. Wade through code
Option 3. Two saved files (HTML & PDF)

Site I tried to copy from had both right-click & function key disabled.

Copy issue was due to:  Content Copy Protection Plug-in, I believe.



---------------------

More Info:

https://askleo.com/how_do_i_copy_a_copy_protected_web_page/

http://askubuntu.com/questions/320195/how-to-convert-a-html-file-to-pdf-with-colors



Zorin - Screenshot, Screengrab


SCREENSHOT


Plain ScreenGrab

  • PRINT-SCREEN button
  • SaveAs  {saves PNG by default}


Hard Way
  • Press PRINT SCREEN button
  • Open GIMP Image Editor
  • CTRL-V {to PASTE from Clipboard}
  • CTRL-B {for ToolBox}
  • edit image
  • Export / Export As
  • Discard GIMP edit doc

SCREENSHOT EDIT - TAKE 2

GIMP saves files as XCF by default. 

Image for online upload needs to be EXPORTED to correct format file.

Use either default export PNG image file format or select other file format {Export As}.

Blogger takes both JPEG / JPG and the GIMP export default PNG file format.


SCREENSHOT EDIT - TAKE 1


Barely managed to crop image.  Hoped to do the job intuitively, by-passing instructions searching. 

Initially, couldn't save in correct format for web upload.  Wasn't aware of need to export file in a format acceptable for web uploads (PC World site below was a huge help).

Need to spend more time playing with the GIMP image editor, as I don't know how to use it yet. 

Tend to rely quite a bit on online editing tools, so it should be a challenge not to jump online once I have a format I can upload elsewhere.


This site helped: 

GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
http://www.pcworld.com/article/2364480/a-free-photo-editor-worth-trying-getting-started-with-gimp.ht


---------------------
Own edits: 

Applicable to:  Zorin OS 9  (& related Linux)

Wednesday, 8 July 2015

Update BIOS

BIOS (Basic Input Output System)



While recently tackling the inability to boot from USB, wondered if the BIOS could be updated. Imagined that it was factory set and therefore couldn't be updated. 

Not so.  

Hewlett Packard's site has instructions on updating the BIOS (here).

On the one hand, it sounds very tempting.  On the other hand, sounds likely to end in disaster.

The wrong update or an interruption in the update process can permanently damage the motherboard.

Oddly, HP says not to install BIOS updates from the motherboard manufacturer's site.  Maybe they mean HP-specific updates?

---------------------

Found thorough instructions on performing an update of the BIOS (aka flashing the BIOS).

Don't know how exactly one ensures an uninterrupted power supply.

An interesting read.  Lots of visuals.  But it might be an old article, because they're referring to back-up to floppy.



online video/audio conversion

Used the following to convert audio online


http://www.onlinevideoconverter.com/


Easy to use.  Did the job. 

But I'm wondering if I'm leaving myself open to downloading some kind of malware when downloading the conversions.

They're shielded by WHOISGUARD, INC., which has a PO Box in PANAMA.


VirusTotal scan report's clear, except for one entry:  here.


---------------------

Relieved nobody's complaining on their facebook



Audio - file formats

Audio File Formats


Format Quality Data Particulars
WAV
Lossless
Uncompressed
Space hungry
Universal usage
AIFF
Lossless
Uncompressed
Space hungry
Apple usage
FLAC
Lossless
COMPRESSED
aka 'Free Lossless Audio Codec'
Sound quality same as source
Superior to WAV & AIFF (less space)
free & Opensource
ALAC

Lossless
COMPRESSED
Not quite as efficient as FLAC
Apple proprietary
iTunes & iOS supported
APE
Lossless
HIGHLY
COMPRESSED
Sound similar quality as FLAC & ALAC
But not widely supported
Hard on processor (high compression)
MP3
Lossy
COMPRESSED
MPEG Audio Layer 3
Most efficient format
Widely supported
Good choice for 'lossy' audio
ACC
Lossy
COMPRESSED
Advanced Audio Coding
Similar to MP3 – but more efficient
Less space than MP3, same sound
Almost as widely compatible as MP3

Vorbis

Lossy
COMPRESSED
aka Ogg Vorbis
no patent
free and open source alternative to MP3 & AAC
fewer players support
WM
Lossy
COMPRESSED
Windows Media Audio
Microsoft proprietary format
Similar to MP3 & ACC
Not widely supported

Audio bitrate 
= kilobits per second (amount data processed)

eg  iTunes
      = 256 kilobits of data per every second of song
Bigger the bitrate, bigger the storage space needed
Compression common for audio CDs (to fit more)
Lossless
= no alteration to original file when compressed 
    (compressed to point before data loss)
'Lossy'
= compressing file to save space, but with loss of data
= loss of clarity and quality
= beneficial to users of iPhones (limited storage capacity)


---------------------

SOURCE





Tuesday, 7 July 2015

Motherboard

Motherboard

aka -
  • mb
  • mainboard
  • base board
  • main circuit board
  • planar board
  • system board
  • (Apple = 'logic board')
Motherboard is king: 
  1. supplies power & 
  2. lets other hardware components communicate 
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
= mounted on Motherboard

ICs aka:
  • Integrated Chip 
  • Microchip
  • Bare chip
  • Monolithic integrated circuit

Motherboard contains:
  • circuits 
  • pathways
  • transistors 
  • + other electronic items 
that do specific function or series of functions

--

Circuitboard
= 1936, radio

Integrated Circuits
= 1952 British radar engineer concept
= 1958 developed USA, see hand calculator & Intel

 ---------------------

 SOURCE http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pcb.htm

DETAILED DIAGRAM & Links to info on components of motherboard:
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htm

Hardware: Hard Disk Drive

Hard Disk Drive (Hard Drive)

aka HD, HDD
b.  1956

=  two sizes:

*  5.25 in  - desktop
*  3.50 in  - laptop

Must be 100% dust-free
Encased:  platters sealed in airtight case (partially in vacuum)
Sealed chamber = 'hard disk assembly' (HDA)

Consists of:
  • Case
  • Chassis
  • Controller / Circuitboard ('middle man' between Actuator & OS)
  • Actuator
  • Read/Write Actuator Arm
  • Read/Write Heads
  • Spindle (at centre)
  • Platter(s)
  • (multiple platters form a 'cylinder')
  • connected to Motherboard (via ATA, SCI or SATA cable)
    *powered by PSU (power supply unit, on back of HDD via circuitboard (Disk Controller)
Platters

Platter = flat, round,discs

base material must be non-magnetic
base material usually aluminium or ceramic/glass
base material - glass increasingly used (heat resistance / thinner)

base material must be capable of being machined/polished smooth
base material, glass trending (heat resistance + makes thinner platters)

Platter both sides of platter coated with magnetic surface
  • formerly:  magnetic oxide
  • now:  thin-film medium (magnetic metal)
Two or three platters are stacked
in between:  gap for read/write heads (mounted on end of actuator arm)
Read/write head for each side of each platter
Read/write head moves from outer edge of platter towards centre/spindle.
Platters share common 'spindle'
Spindle turns platters at rate of abt several 1,000 revolutions per min
Read/write heads hover, abt 0.07mm away from platter surface
Read/Write Heads

Read/write heads rest on platters
(when PC powered down & drive stops spinning)

Read/write heads rest on dedicated area (no data stored):  'landing zone' (LZ)
HD lives in the 'drive bay'.
HD connected to Motherboard, via ATA, SCI or SATA cable connections
HD powered by PSU (power supply unit)
On back HD = circuitboard (disk controller (DC), data sent to/from HD via DC)

OS examines HD FAT (file allocation table)
FAT = location & available HD areas info
Disk controller directs actuator to move & align R/W heads
R/W heads deal in binary info (zeros + ones)

Solid State Drives (SSDs)
are the go currently
*HDD remains in use desktops (b/c superior storage capacity)
HD unit positioned in:  'drive bay' (an allocated spot)



---------------------

SOURCE

http://www.pctechguide.com/hard-disks/hard-disk-hard-drive-construction

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/harddriv.htm